In this paper, we describe the opacity and transparency of idioms in Arabic language based on the linguistic model of Nunberg. This model divides the idioms into two main groups of idiomatically combining expressions and idiomatic expressions and sets out criteria for differentiating them. The corpus of the study is the entry of (b) in Al-Mu'ajam Al-Musoua'i by Davoud. By applying these criteria into Arabic data we tried to distinguish these two main classes of idioms in Arabic. It could be concluded that about half of the explored idioms are idiomatic expressions and are mainly non-compositional. In contrast, the other half could be categorized as idiomatically combining expressions that were compositional and the criteria proposed by Nunberg (1994) show that they are not as opaque as the first group. So, contrary to the traditional definition of idioms, it can be argued that the idioms are not a homogenous class.

Media opacification following pediatric cataract surgery has always been a problematic issue. Despite advances in microsurgical techniques, unique aspects of the anatomy, physiology, and the post-operative inflammatory response in children predispose them to rapid opacification of the visual axis after successful cataract surgery. Considering the importance of media clarity as a prerequisite for proper optical correction and amblyopia therapy, many methods have been proposed for the prevention or treatment of opacification. The choice of a particular surgical technique in a given patient should be made individually. Factors that may influence such a decision include age, cataract type, associated ocular or systemic conditions, follow-up issues, and socioeconomic status. In young children, the method of choice with good long-term results and low complication rate is lensectomy, primary posterior capsulotomy, and anterior vitrectomy. This review article covers media opacification after pediatric cataract surgery in detail.

Human rights are of the basis for the local and international laws and bestow legitimacy on states. Furthermore, a vast number of theories in the field of humanities are evaluated based on their approaches to human rights. Despite widespread assumption that “ human rights” is a clear and commonly accepted concept, in this article I show the opacity of human rights both conceptually and extensionally. Also, I explain that, as long as “ human rights” is not clarified, the whole discussions on human rights in the fields of law, economics, politics and so on will be in vain, and the clarification of “ human rights” is possible only under philosophical examination of this notion. Human rights are of the basis for the local and international laws and bestow legitimacy on states. Furthermore, a vast number of theories in the field of humanities are evaluated based on their approaches to human rights. Despite widespread assumption that “ human rights” is a clear and commonly accepted concept, in this article I show the opacity of human rights both conceptually and extensionally.

In tyrannical societies and authoritarian governments, opacity is the best way to express social pains and is a channel for protesting and of course, it is prudent,This means that the inappropriate social conditions and the suffocating atmosphere of the lands lead the artist to conceal and express his beliefs in the envelope of opacity’, s literary array: An indirect and effective statement that raises the awareness of the audience, and in a way, it can be considered as a way of the writer's or poet's pen struggle against the rulers and the deceptive and hypocritical people. In the 7th and 8th centuries of AH-which is one of the darkest periods in Iran's history-our land was attacked by the Mongols and their rule. The tyranny of the rulers during these two centuries resulted in heavy social suffocation,as it has been very influential on Persian poetry and especially the form of Sonnet and has caused the introversion of Iraqi style poets. In the current study-which examines the literary industry of opacity and its relationship with critical issues in Hafez's sonnets-data has been collected through document analysis and described in a qualitative manner. The result of this research shows that the use of idioms in order to criticize the actions of oppressive kings and hypocritical Sufis and ascetics in the court of Khajeh is a characteristic of the poet's style, and among the types of opacities, the frequency of opacities of proportion and singular opacities are more than other types.

The opacity is one of the important properties of various commercial products such as paper. The common opacity measurement method by using spectrophotometer is expensive. This work explains the novel method for measuring opacity by using scanner as a lower cost instrument. The opacity is evaluated by using RGB value of paper image which was obtained by scanner. The obtained results indicate that opacity measurement performance of scanner is comparable with spectrophotometer. The best opacity estimation is obtained conversion RGB to CIELab color space. J. Color Sci. Tech. 7(2013), 15-24© Institute for Color Science and Technology.

The purpose of this study is to test the effect of economic factors on accounting quality. Economic factors include economic growth and economic freedom. Accounting quality is expressed by earnings opacity. Three dimensions of earnings opacity are earnings aggressiveness, loss avoidance, and earnings smoothing. To measure earnings opacity, manufacturing listed firmۥs total accruals, earnings, and operating cash flow for ten years is used. Economic growth is measured as the annual growth of GDP per capita. For, Economic Freedom variable we use, the 2009 Annual Report of Fraser Institute. To test the economics determinants of earnings opacity, we have regressed economic factors against opacity measures. The result show earnings opacity is positively related to economic growth. But, level of economic freedom is not significantly related to earnings opacity.

Background and Aims: The main objective of this study was to determine the effect of polyethylene fibers and veneering composites in fiber-reinforced resin systems on the opacity (contrast ratio).Materials and Methods: The specimens were divided into four groups. Two groups were used as the control groups, with no reinforcement. The fibers of polyethylene (Fibre-Braid) with special basement composites were used as the reinforced framework materials. Filtek Z250 and GRADIA (shade A2) were used as veneering materials. The total thickness of samples was 3 mm with 13 mm diameter. Specimens were prepared in disk shaped metal mold. The composite materials were light-cured according to their manufacturers' instructions. The contrast ratio (CR) of each specimen was determined on black and white backgrounds using reflection spectrophotometer. Reflectance was measured at intervals of 10 nm between 400 nm and 750 nm. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD test.Results: When contrast ratio were compared among the different types of materials statistically significant differences were observed in both veneering composites (P<0.05). The Z250 resin composite had the lowest CR. It was shown that CR tended to decrease as the wavelength of incident light increased from 400 nm to 750 nm. On the other hand, the most differences in CR between groups were found in longer wavelengths.Conclusion: It was found that polyethylene fibers reduced the amount of the translucency in FRC samples. The results of this study indicate that light reflectance characteristics, including the wavelength dependence, play an important role for the CR of a fiber-reinforced composite.

This paper is aimed to investigate the relation between opacity, synchronicity and crash risk. It is expected opacity represent lower firm specific information and resulted in higher synchronicity and crash risk. In order to this aim, a sample composed of listed firms in Tehran Stock Exchange during 1381 to 1393 is examined. To investigate above relations, methods including logistic, panel data and Fama-Macbethregressions are used. The research findings confirm that crash cannot be attributed to opacity. Lack of relation between opacity and jump is recognized. Also, it cannot be claimed that opacity result in lower firm specific information and higher synchronicity. Latter findings are not sensitive to synchronicity and crash measures.

Nowadays, the fundamental role of having a purpose for life in physical and mental health has been confirmed. According to victor frankl, presence of a purpose in life gives life a meaning and increases resilience against pains and traumas. The importance of the purpose in life construct reveals the need for a reliable and valid tool to measure it. Crumbaugh and Maholick's purpose in life questionnaire is the first and one of the most applied tools for the assessment of life's purposefulness. The aim of this research is to determine the factor structure of purpose in life questionnaire. The questionnaire was administered on 206 students who were selected through random stratified sampling at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Exploratory factor analysis showed that there are two factors "comprehension" and "purpose" and this finding were confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis. Altogether results of this research showed factor validity of the purpose in life questionnaire with a two factor pattern